The story was as alarming as it was bizarre.
Earlier this week, we reported how a 52–year–old mother was left wracked with guilt after she accidentally triggered puberty in her three–year–old daughter. The cause? The toddler had absorbed some of the HRT gel doctors had prescribed to treat her mother’s menopause symptoms.
It’s not the only such case. Last year, a shocking report from Sweden described a baby girl who appeared to have ‘grown a penis’ after her father cuddled her while wearing testosterone gel that had been applied to his skin.
Meanwhile, there have also been dozens of child deaths linked to accidental exposure to skin patches containing fentanyl – an extremely powerful opioid painkiller.
These are just a few examples that highlight why doctors urge caution with many ‘rub–on’ – or topical, as they are known medically – medicines.
Unlike tablets, which stay inside the body of the person taking them, topical drugs are absorbed through the skin. And if the treated area is touched before the medication has fully dried or been washed off, some of the drug can be transferred to another person through skin–to–skin contact.
That means someone else – often a child or partner – may be inadvertently exposed to the medication and its effects.
‘The issue for all topical preparations is that none of them offer any advice to users on avoiding potential for transfer to others by close contact,’ said Professor Ward.
‘Given that some topical preparations clearly do have adverse effects linked to person to person transfer, it may be appropriate for the regulators and industry to consider some standard warning about taking care not to expose others by keeping treated areas of skin covered, washing hands after application and disposing appropriately.’
So which medicines carry the greatest risk, and what precautions should you take if you use one? Professor Penny Ward, a pharmaceutical expert at King’s College London, explains what you need to know.
Unlike tablets, which stay inside the body of the person taking them, topical drugs are absorbed through the skin
Hormone gels and patches (HRT and testosterone): the risk of accidental exposure
Hormone treatments – including hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for women and testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) which are used by both women and men – are among the drugs most commonly linked to accidental transfer through skin contact.
Both are often applied as gels or patches. If the medication has not fully absorbed, small amounts of the hormone can rub off onto another person.
HRT is prescribed to ease menopause symptoms, which typically begin around age 51 when the ovaries stop producing oestrogen and progesterone.
Up to 80 per cent of women experience symptoms such as hot flushes and night sweats, while around a quarter suffer anxiety, ‘brain fog’ and memory problems.
Testosterone therapy is used to treat men with low hormone levels, which can cause fatigue, reduced libido and low mood.
But in children, exposure to oestrogen or testosterone can trigger abnormal hormonal changes. Girls may develop signs of early puberty – known as precocious puberty – while boys may develop breast tissue, medically known as gynaecomastia.
Repeated exposure to testosterone can also cause acne, increased hair growth and premature puberty.
In one widely reported Swedish case, a baby girl developed genital changes after repeated exposure to her father’s testosterone gel. Reports said her clitoris enlarged and her labia fused.
The changes reversed once the exposure stopped.
Pregnant women should also avoid contact with testosterone products. Exposure between weeks eight and 12 of pregnancy can cause virilisation, where a female foetus develops male characteristics such as clitoral enlargement and fused labia.
Minoxidil hair loss treatments: how drug can cause hair growth in babies
Hair loss is commonly treated with the drug minoxidil – best known under the brand name Regaine – which is applied to the scalp as a foam or liquid.
But it can stimulate hair growth anywhere it touches skin – including on other people.
Transfer can occur if the medication rubs onto pillows, hands or bedding.
In December 2024, Spanish doctors warned of several cases of babies developing so-called ‘werewolf syndrome’ after exposure to minoxidil.
The condition, known medically as hypertrichosis, causes abnormal hair growth on the face, arms and body.
In one case, a baby boy developed thick hair on his back and legs after his father – who was caring for him at home – applied a five per cent minoxidil lotion for baldness.
Once the exposure stopped, the symptoms disappeared.
Professor Ward said: ‘The side effects should go away once the source is removed, unless the exposure has been prolonged enough to trigger permanent change.’
Pet owners should also take care. Minoxidil can be fatal to cats and dogs.
A study published in the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology found that 88 per cent of minoxidil exposure cases related to dogs was due to ‘exploratory behaviour’, for instance, from rummaging through rubbish.
However, almost all (96 per cent) of feline cases were related to inadvertent contact with humans, for instance from a pet licking human skin or sleeping on contaminated bedding.
Experts advise allowing the product to dry for 30 to 60 minutes before sleeping, washing hands after use and using foam formulations, which dry faster.
Fentanyl pain patches: powerful opioid that can be deadly to children
Fentanyl is a powerful synthetic opioid used to treat severe pain, including cancer pain. It is often delivered through a skin patch that releases the drug slowly over 72 hours.
However, accidental exposure can be extremely dangerous, and can lead to respiratory complications.
Children may absorb the drug if they cuddle someone wearing a patch and it accidentally sticks to their skin, or sleep beside them for long periods.
A previous study published in medical journal Disease in Childhood, also noted that children can become sickened if they find a discarded or fallen patch – which can still contain up to 50 per cent of the active drug – and apply it like a sticker or chew on it.
Children also may be exposed when a patch being worn by an adult is inadvertently transferred to them during close contact.
Professor Ward said: ‘Fentanyl skin patches have been the subject of several MHRA safety alerts due to accidental ingestion by children or inadvertent transfer of the patch to another individual. There is a warning on the label about taking care to avoid transfer.
‘People need to take appropriate care when they’re using patches and creams to make sure they don’t end up in the hands of people who aren’t prescribed them.’
The risk of serious illness or death from fentanyl patches also applies to pets.
Chemotherapy drugs: why traces remain in sweat and bodily fluids
Patients receiving chemotherapy are often warned that traces of the drugs may be present in bodily fluids – including urine, stool, vomit and sweat – for 48 to 72 hours after treatment.
Because chemotherapy drugs attack rapidly dividing cells, accidental exposure can make healthy people unwell.
Transfer can occur through skin contact or contaminated surfaces such as bedding, clothing or bathroom fixtures.
Professor Ward says patients should always follow the advice of their oncologist.
‘If there is a risk of transmission, patients are advised to avoid close contact with vulnerable individuals,’ she said.
‘For example, those receiving radioactive medicines may be told to stay away from pregnant women or young children for 24 to 48 hours.’
Nicotine patches: how stop smoking aids can harm children and pets
Nicotine patches, used to help smokers quit, can cause serious poisoning in children and pets. Nicotine is easily absorbed through the skin, and patches may contain up to 25mg of the drug.
Symptoms of poisoning can appear within minutes and include nausea, vomiting, sweating, drooling and a rapid heartbeat.
In pets, the toxic dose is extremely small – as little as 0.5 to 1mg per pound of body weight.
Animals exposed to nicotine patches require urgent veterinary treatment.
Nitroglycerine and clonidine: heart drugs that make others ill through skin-to-skin contact
Some heart medications delivered through the skin can also transfer to others.
Nitroglycerin, used to treat angina, is sometimes prescribed as gels or patches.
Contact with nitroglycerin may cause headaches, flushing, dizziness and low blood pressure.
In the US, clonidine, which is used for high blood pressure is sometimes prescribed as a patch. Exposure can lead to drowsiness and a slowed heart rate.
Professor Ward says the effects are usually mild in adults.
‘Nitroglycerin and clonidine might make someone feel a little warm or light-headed, but that is generally the worst that would happen,’ she said.
However, children may experience stronger reactions because of their smaller body size.